Chapter 9
Measuring Life Signs
GOALS
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
- Explain why vital signs matter.
- Know when and how to measure them.
- Help improve a person’s cardiovascular and respiratory function.
After practicing, you will be able to take and record temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure.
Key Terms
Using Vital Signs
Vital signs (temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure) show how the body functions. Record accurately and report changes.
When to Measure
- On admission or condition changes.
- As ordered; frequency depends on condition.
- Respond to physical or behavioral changes.
Measuring Body Temperature
Body temp varies by person, age, activity, and environment.
| Method | Normal °F | Normal °C |
|---|---|---|
| Axillary | 96.6–98.6 | 35.9–37.0 |
| Oral | 97.6–99.6 | 36.4–37.6 |
| Rectal | 98.6–100.6 | 37.0–38.1 |
Oral is easiest; rectal reflects core temp; axillary is least accurate.
Pulse
Pulse reflects heart function. Note rhythm and force. Count for 1 minute when learning.
Normal Resting Rates
- Newborn: 100–160 bpm
- Children: 70–120 bpm
- Adults: 60–100 bpm
- Athletes: 40–60 bpm
Pulse Locations
- Apical (heart, stethoscope)
- Brachial (inner elbow)
- Carotid (neck)
- Radial (wrist)
Respirations
Count discreetly for 1 minute. Normal adult: 15–20 breaths/min. Abnormal: difficult, erratic, or noisy breathing; dyspnea; cyanosis.
Blood Pressure
Systolic (heart pumps) / Diastolic (heart rests). Written as systolic/diastolic (e.g., 118/78 mmHg).
| Category | Systolic | Diastolic |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | <120 | <80 |
| Prehypertension | 120–139 | 80–89 |
| Stage 1 | 140–159 | 90–99 |
| Stage 2 | ≥160 | ≥100 |
Improving Cardio & Respiratory Function
- Encourage exercise and healthy diet.
- Discourage smoking; monitor vital signs.
- Promote deep breathing; elevate upper body when lying.
- Report signs like dyspnea, cyanosis, or confusion.
End of Chapter 9 — Measuring Life Signs